Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

ECMO is the application of both cardiac and pulmonary support utilizing a mechanical pump, typically a centrifugal pump, and a membrane oxygenator. Although more commonly used in the neonatal and pediatric populations, it is recognized as a useful approach in adult patients who have a combined cardiopulmonary pathologic process which does not respond to maximal medical treatment. It is also useful in extreme situations where cardiac arrest has occurred and rapid restoration of circulation is required.

Unlike other forms of ventricular support, the basic ECMO circuit can be instituted rapidly via femoral vessels, thus allowing for rapid restoration of circulation without the need for an open chest procedure. Thus, it is often used following complex, high risk catheterization procedures.